temperature

长毛兔因汗腺极不发达，体表又有浓密的被毛，所以对环境温度非常敏感。据试验，仔兔适温度为30～35℃，幼兔为20～25℃，成年兔为15～20℃。建舍时要考虑环境温度。长毛兔对低温有较强的耐受力，健康兔在-20～-39℃环境条件下仍能生存，不会冻死。不过为维持体温，需消耗较多营养，如不能满足所需营养，则对产毛和增重都有明显影响。据试验，长毛兔采毛前后对环境温度的要求差别较大。采毛前因被毛长密，体热散失少；采毛后因体表毛短，体热放散可增加30％以上。所以，寒冷季节采毛后必须做好保温工作，以防感冒，但在采毛4周后，可保持环境温度在5～15℃之间，以利促进兔毛生长；提高兔毛产量。

Long haired rabbits are very sensitive to environmental temperature due to their underdeveloped sweat glands and dense fur on their body surface. According to the experiment, the optimal temperature for young rabbits is 30-35 ℃, for young rabbits it is 20-25 ℃, and for adult rabbits it is 15-20 ℃. When building a building, environmental temperature should be considered. Long haired rabbits have strong tolerance to low temperatures, and healthy rabbits can still survive under environmental conditions of -20~-39 ℃ without freezing to death. However, in order to maintain body temperature, more nutrients need to be consumed. If the required nutrients cannot be met, it will have a significant impact on hair production and weight gain. According to experiments, there is a significant difference in the environmental temperature requirements of long haired rabbits before and after wool harvesting. Before picking hair, due to the dense and long coat, there is less heat loss from the body; After hair harvesting, the body heat dissipation can increase by more than 30% due to the short surface hair. So, insulation work must be done well after picking hair in the cold season to prevent colds. However, after 4 weeks of picking hair, the ambient temperature can be maintained between 5 and 15 ℃ to promote the growth of rabbit hair; Increase rabbit hair production.

湿度

humidity

长毛兔性喜干燥环境，适宜的相对湿度为60％～65％，一般不应低于55％或高于70％。高温高湿和低温高湿境对长毛免有百害而无一利，既不利夏季散热，也不利冬季温，还容易感染体内外寄生虫病等。据生产实践表明，空气湿度过大，常会导致笼舍潮湿不堪，污染被毛，影响兔毛质量；有利于细菌、寄生虫繁殖，引起疥癣、湿疹蔓延。反之，兔舍空气过于干燥，长期湿度过低，同样可导致被毛粗糙，兔毛质量下降；引起呼吸道粘膜干裂，而招致细菌、病毒感染等。鉴于上述情况，兔舍内湿度应尽量保持稳定。长毛兔排出的粪尿、呼出的水蒸气、冲洗地面的水分是导致兔舍湿度升高的主要原因。为降低舍内的湿度，可以加强通风，或撒生石灰、草木灰等，阴雨潮湿季节舍内清扫时尽量用水冲洗。

Long haired rabbits prefer dry environments, with the most suitable relative humidity ranging from 60% to 65%. Generally, it should not be lower than 55% or higher than 70%. High temperature and high humidity, as well as low temperature and high humidity, are harmful to long hair without any benefits. They are not conducive to heat dissipation in summer or winter temperature, and are also prone to infection with parasitic diseases both inside and outside the body. According to production practice, excessive air humidity often leads to damp cages, contaminating the fur, and affecting the quality of rabbit hair; It is conducive to the reproduction of bacteria and parasites, causing the spread of scabies and eczema. On the contrary, if the air in the rabbit house is too dry and the humidity is too low for a long time, it can also lead to rough fur and a decrease in the quality of rabbit fur; Causing dry and cracked respiratory mucosa, leading to bacterial and viral infections. Given the above situation, the humidity inside the rabbit shed should be kept as stable as possible. The feces and urine excreted by the long haired rabbit, the exhaled water vapor, and the water washed from the ground are the main reasons for the increase in humidity in the rabbit house. To reduce the humidity inside the house, it is recommended to strengthen ventilation or sprinkle quicklime, plant ash, etc. During rainy and humid seasons, it is recommended to rinse the house with water as much as possible.

通风

improve air circulation

通风是调节兔舍温湿度的好方法。通风还可排除兔舍内的污浊气体、灰尘和过多的水气，能有效地降低呼吸道疾病的发病率。长毛免排出的粪尿及污染的垫草，在一定温度条件下可分解散发出氨、硫化氢、二氧化碳等有害气体。长毛免是敏感性很强的动物，对有害气体的耐受量比其它动物低，当长毛兔处于高浓度的有害气体环境条件下，极易引起呼吸道疾病，加剧巴氏杆菌病、传染性感冒等的蔓延。通风方式，一般可分为自然通风和机械通风两种。小型场常用自然通风方式，利用门窗的空气对流或屋顶的排气孔和进气孔进行调节。大中型兔场常采用抽气式或送气式的机械通风，这种方式多用于炎热的夏季，是自然通风的辅助形式。免舍内的适宜风速，夏季为0．4米／秒，冬季为0.1～0.2米／秒。应强调的是兔舍内应严防贼风的侵袭。降低兔舍内有害气体的浓度，还可通过勤打扫、勤冲洗、加强通风换气来保持免舍内的空气新鲜。

Ventilation is a good way to regulate the temperature and humidity of rabbit houses. Ventilation can also remove the dirty gas, dust and excessive moisture in the rabbit house, which can effectively reduce the incidence rate of respiratory diseases. The feces and urine that long hair does not emit, as well as the contaminated mat grass, can decompose and emit harmful gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide under certain temperature conditions. Long haired rabbits are highly sensitive animals with lower tolerance to harmful gases than other animals. When exposed to high concentrations of harmful gases, they are highly susceptible to respiratory diseases, exacerbating the spread of pasteurellosis, infectious cold, and other diseases. Ventilation methods can generally be divided into two types: natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Small farms often use natural ventilation methods, which utilize air convection through doors and windows or adjust the exhaust and inlet holes on the roof. Large and medium-sized rabbit farms often use mechanical ventilation with suction or air supply, which is often used in hot summers and is an auxiliary form of natural ventilation. The suitable wind speed inside the shelter is 0.4 meters per second in summer and 0.1-0.2 meters per second in winter. It should be emphasized that the rabbit shed should be strictly guarded against the invasion of thieves' wind. Reducing the concentration of harmful gases in the rabbit shed can also be achieved by frequent cleaning, flushing, and strengthening ventilation to maintain fresh air in the shed.

光照

Illumination

光照对长毛兔的生理机能有着重要调节作用。适宜的光照有助于增强长毛兔的新陈代谢，增进食欲，促进钙、磷的代谢作用；光照不足则可导致长毛兔的性欲和受胎率下降。此外，光照还具有、保持兔舍干燥和预防疾病等作用。生产实践表明，公母兔对光照要求是不同的。一般而言，繁殖母兔要求长光照，以每天光照14～16小时为好，表现为受胎率高，产仔数多，可获得佳的繁殖效果。种公兔在长光照条件下，则精液质量下降，而以每天光照10～12小时效果。目前，小型兔场一般采用自然光照，兔舍门窗的采光面积应占地面的15％左右，但要避兔太阳光的直接照射；大中型兔场，尤其是集约化兔场多采用人工光照或人工补充光照，光源以白炽灯光较好，每地面3～4瓦，灯高一般离地面2～2．5米。

Light plays an important regulatory role in the physiological functions of long haired rabbits. Appropriate lighting helps to enhance the metabolism of long haired rabbits, enhance appetite, and promote the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus; Insufficient light can lead to a decrease in libido and conception rate in long haired rabbits. In addition, light also has functions such as sterilization, keeping the rabbit house dry, and preventing diseases. Production practice has shown that male and female rabbits have different lighting requirements. Generally speaking, breeding mother rabbits require long light exposure, preferably 14 to 16 hours of light per day. This is manifested by a high conception rate and a large number of offspring, which can achieve the best reproductive effect. Under long light conditions, the quality of semen in male rabbits decreases, and the best effect is to light for 10-12 hours per day. At present, small rabbit farms generally use natural lighting, and the lighting area of the rabbit house doors and windows should account for about 15% of the ground, but should avoid direct sunlight from the rabbit; Large and medium-sized rabbit farms, especially intensive rabbit farms, often use artificial lighting or artificial supplementary lighting. Incandescent lighting is the preferred light source, with 3-4 watts per square meter of ground and a lamp height of generally 2-2.5 meters above the ground.

噪声

noise

噪声是重要的环境因素之一。据试验，突然的噪声可导致妊娠母兔流产，哺乳母兔拒绝哺乳，甚残食仔兔等严重后果。噪声的来源主要有3方面：一是外界传人的声音；二是舍内机械、操作产生的声音；三是长毛兔自身产生的采食、走动和争斗声音。长毛兔如遇突然的噪声就会惊惶失措，乱蹦乱跳，蹬足嘶叫，导致食欲不振甚死亡等。为了减少噪声，兴建兔舍一定要远离高噪音区，如公路、铁路、工矿企业等，尽可能避免外界噪声的干扰；饲养管理操作要轻、稳，尽量保持兔舍的安静。

Noise is one of the important environmental factors. According to experiments, sudden noise can lead to serious consequences such as miscarriage in pregnant rabbits, refusal of lactation by lactating rabbits, and even cannibalism of young rabbits. There are three main sources of noise: firstly, external transmitted sounds; The second is the sound generated by the machinery and operations inside the building; The third is the sound of feeding, walking, and fighting generated by the long haired rabbit itself. If a rabbit encounters sudden noise, it will panic, jump and jump randomly, pedal and hiss, leading to loss of appetite and even death. In order to reduce noise, when building rabbit houses, it is necessary to stay away from high noise areas such as highways, railways, industrial and mining enterprises, and try to avoid external noise interference as much as possible; The breeding management operation should be light and stable, and try to keep the rabbit house quiet as much as possible.

灰尘

dust

空气中的灰尘主要有风吹起的干燥尘土和饲养管理工作中产生的大量灰尘，如打扫地面、翻动垫草、分发干草和饲料等。灰尘对长毛兔的健康和兔毛质量有着直接影响。灰尘降落到兔体体表，可与皮脂腺分泌物、兔毛、皮屑等粘混一起而妨碍皮肤的正常代谢，影响兔毛质量；灰尘吸入体内还可引起呼吸道疾病，如肺炎、支气管炎等；灰尘还可吸附空气中的水气、有毒气体和有害微生物，产生各种过敏反应，甚感染多种传染性疾病。为了减少免舍空气中的灰尘含量，应注意饲养管理的操作程序，改粉料为颗料饲料，保证兔舍通风性能良好。

The dust in the air mainly includes dry dust blown by the wind and a large amount of dust generated during breeding and management work, such as cleaning the ground, flipping grass mats, distributing hay and feed, etc. Dust has a direct impact on the health and hair quality of long haired rabbits. Dust falling on the surface of the rabbit body can mix with sebaceous gland secretions, rabbit hair, dander, etc., hindering normal skin metabolism and affecting the quality of rabbit hair; Dust inhalation into the body can also cause respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia and bronchitis; Dust can also adsorb moisture, toxic gases, and harmful microorganisms in the air, causing various allergic reactions and even infecting various infectious diseases. In order to reduce the dust content in the rabbit shed air, attention should be paid to the operating procedures of feeding management. It is best to change the powder feed to pellet feed to ensure good ventilation performance of the rabbit shed.

绿化

green

绿化具有明显的调温调湿、净化空气、防风防沙和美化环境等重要作用。特别是阔叶树，夏天能遮荫，冬天可挡风，具有改善免舍小气候的重要作用。根据生产实践，绿化工作搞得好的兔场，夏季可降温3～5℃，相对湿度可提高20％～30％。种植草地可使空气中的灰尘含量减少5％左右。因此，兔场四周应尽可能种植防护林带，场内也应大量植树，一切空地均应种核作物；牧草或绿化草地。

Greening plays an important role in regulating temperature and humidity, purifying air, preventing wind and sand, and beautifying the environment. Especially broad-leaved trees, which can provide shade in summer and prevent wind in winter, play an important role in improving the shelter microclimate. According to production practice, a well greened rabbit farm can cool down by 3-5 ℃ in summer and increase relative humidity by 20% to 30%. Planting grass can reduce the dust content in the air by about 5%. Therefore, protective forest belts should be planted around the rabbit farm as much as possible, and a large number of trees should be planted inside the farm. All open spaces should be planted with nuclear crops; Grass or green grassland.

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